J Ethnobiol. 2016;12:36 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-016-0111-1. The analgesic effect of the fruits of Guinea pepper could explain their mixing with invertebrate-based remedies in the study area to treat pain disorders including arthritis, stomachaches, earaches, headaches, menstrual cramps, haemorrhoids and neuralgia [61]. Costa-Neto EM. According to Marques [3], only 8.7% of the 252 indispensable chemicals selected by the World Health Organization derive from animals. Alternatives: synthetics. amis Mus. built our understanding of how nerves conduct electricity… and horseshoe crabs About 20 million sea horses (about 50 tons) per year are harvested to treat kidney disease, circulatory ailments and impotence with Chinese traditional medicine. For example, antithrombin III, which prevents blood clotting during surgery, is secreted in the milk of transgenic goats. Megu K, Chakravorty J, Meyer-Rochow VB. Northeastern Brazil. However, the treatment of some diseases by invertebrate-based remedies followed folk logic. Nevertheless, certain medicinal invertebrate species such as A. achatina and P. imperator are reared by 3 medicinal animals merchants and by 13 traditional healers. PubMed  PubMed Central  2). PubMed  14 In fact, according to the American Medical Association, ... inaugurating the modern era of open-heart surgery. 2005;4:953–6. The faunal drugstore: animal-based remedies used in traditional medicines in Latin America. not described or tested with western scientific methods even if treatments Cat’s claw (Uncaria tomentosa) is an Amazonian vine used for centuries in traditional jungle medicine. Cardoso P, Borges PAV, Triantis KA, Ferrández MA, Martín JL. J Ethnopharmacol. Interviews were conducted with the help of local interpreters in the languages of the informants. 2018;2:103–9. The surveyed traditional healers were identified with the help of village chiefs and by using the snowball sampling approach where community members were asked to locate neighbours fitting the criteria [26]. J Ethnopharmacol. Vats R, Thomas S. A study on use of animals as traditional medicine by Sukuma tribe of Busega District in North-Western Tanzania. Comparative evaluation of shaemagglutination potential of haemolymph from two species of giant African land snails (Archachatina marginata and Achatina achatina). Project Seahorse works to protect seahorses and the marine environment through research and conservation. Entomotherapy, or the medicinal use of insects. Some of the invertebrate species used in folk medicine in the study area are also used in very similar ways by people throughout the world [16]. In vitro anthelmintic potentials of Xylopia aethiopica and Monodora myristica from Nigeria. 2014;38:96–100 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2014.02.014. Animal research plays an essential role in our understanding of health and disease and in the development of modern medicines and surgical techniques. Earthworms possess antipyretic, antispasmodic, diuretic, detoxifying, antiasthmatic, spermatocidal, antihypertensive and antiallergenic effects [13, 16, 36]. The mode of administration was mainly oral and topical. Int J Herbal Med. Google Scholar. Int J Herb Med. Dotted nudibranch, Jorunna funebris on the sponge Haliclona sp. Our study suggests a wide knowledge of the use of invertebrates in medicine in the surveyed households, compared with the number of common medicinal invertebrates used by traditional healers (15 of the 38 invertebrates). Extensive harvest of seahorses, along with unsustainable by-catch from bottom trawling that indiscriminately kills millions of seahorses annually and disturbs or destroys their habitat, has substantially reduced many populations, but the magnitude of decline is poorly known owing to lack of data: of 38 species included on the IUCN Red List, 1 is Endangered, 10 are Vulnerable to extinction, 26 are Data Deficient and only 1 is at Least Concern for extinction. When animal-derived, a hormone from adrenal glands. 2017;7:409–26 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsb.2017.05.001. Caractérisation du marché des escargots géants africains (achatines) dans les départements de l’Atlantique et du littoral au Sud-Bénin. In south-eastern Benin, more specifically in the Plateau Department, invertebrates are widely used in folk medicine. doi: 10.17226/10089. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2004.11.013. For instance, scorpions (P. imperator) whose sting causes pain has its venom used to treat pain and snake bites as also observed in Korean traditional medicine [4, 16]. As at the time this research was conducted, to the best of our knowledge, there was no ethical committee both at national and institutional level. Borah MP, Prasad SB. 2002;24:1–14. Lancet Infect Dis. https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-7406.103251. These are highly nutritious with large protein content and hence beneficial to man. An estimated 26 million animals are used every year in the United States for scientific and commercial testing. In total, 31 out of the 38 invertebrate species encountered were not listed on International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. The many species and from which interesting chemicals are likely to emerge. health, including newer techniques that can provide medical benefits with A practical approach to backyard snail farming. 2017;5:26–32. Why study the use of animal products in traditional medicines? Akinnusi O. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Further studies must be done to evaluate the abundance and distribution of the sold invertebrate species in Benin and Nigeria for a development of conservation strategies. Even we consume eggs from birds like the hen, turkey, etc. medical chest may surprise you. A principal component analysis (PCA) revealed the influence of ethnic groups in the diseases treated with invertebrates. Today, there are over 100 active ingredients derived from plants for use as drugs and medicines. There are many good reasons to improve ocean health, but one Edible insects in sustainable food systems; 2018. p. 35–54. Photograph by Fritz Hoffmann. Our results reveal that several invertebrate species play an important role in healing practices and magical–religious rituals in the Plateau Department. Insects were the taxonomic group with the largest numbers of animal species and medicinal uses (Fig. Adapting the IUCN Red List criteria for invertebrates. Traditional healers have learned to prepare invertebrate remedies through parental heritage (36.2%) or from other traditional healers (63.8%). Environ Conserv. Zootherapeutic practices among fishing communities in North and Northeast Brazil: a comparison. González JA, Amich F, Postigo-Mota S, Vallejo JR. Diseases of the blood or blood-forming organs have presented the most important ICF. Afr J Biotechnol. Similarly, in our study, the ant species Pachycondyla tarsata Fabricius, which is also called ‘cadaver ant’ because of it’s strong, putrid and smell, is used to treat alcoholism. Based on the information obtained from the traditional healers and surveyed households in the study area, all the 50 reported ailments were categorized into 16 categories of diseases (Table 4). An ethnographic account of the role of edible insects in the Adi tribe of Arunachal Pradesh, North-East India. Most of the medicinal invertebrate species (21) commercially sold by medicinal animals merchants are also collected from nature. The Tori ethnic group was positively correlated with the second axis, and members of the Ouémégbé ethnic group were negatively correlated with the same axis. In the study area, the Guinea pepper (Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A. These invertebrates are directly collected in nature by both traditional healers (76 people) and surveyed households (31). Rajkhowa D, Deka RMK. In: Alves RRN, Rosa IL, editors. Most of invertebrate-based remedies were associated with plant species. LEYL and JT taxonomically identified some invertebrate species. Ijeh II, Omodamiro OD, Nwanna IJ. Alves RR, Alves HN. Hum Ecol. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. This plant was found to possess anti-microbial [55], anti-fungal [56], anti-helmintic [57], anti-cancer [58], anti-anaphylactic and anti-inflammatory [59], cardiovascular and diuretic [60] activities. Traditional African medicine in the treatment of HIV. Surveys were carried out during the period from December 2018 to March 2019 through the 20 selected villages and public markets of the Department where animals and derivatives are sold for therapeutic purposes. However, many animal products such as snail without shell (3.6%), snail shell (1.9%), feet (1%), abdomen (1%), snail slime (0.7%) and antenna (0.3%) were used as therapeutic resources as well. https://doi.org/10.3923/je.2007.104.112. Because rats and mice have so many biological similarities to humans, they make up 90–95% of the mammals in biomedical research. Finally, the data obtained were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA) using Minitab 17 software, to describe the relationship between categories of diseases treated with invertebrates and the ethnic groups of the study area. Wild mammals trade for zootherapeutic and mythic purposes in Benin (West Africa): capitalizing species involved, provision sources, and implications or conservation. 2005;77:33–43 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0001-37652005000100004. Chakravorty J, Meyer-Rochow VB, Ghosh S. Vertebrates used for medicinal purposes by members of the Nyishi and Galo tribes in Arunachal Pradesh (North-East India). However, all data were collected under previous consent of each participant. The fact that invertebrate species are being used for the same purpose by several communities might indicate their pharmacological effectiveness. The great majority of registered invertebrate species (32) have between 1 and 5 different medicinal uses. Taye OR. India. 1998;25:85–95. 2004;29:40–7. Part of The recorded invertebrates were checked against the IUCN Red List Categories (Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable, Near Threatened, Least Concern, Data Deficient) for assessment of endangered status. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. Evid.-Based Complementary Altern Med. 1). Oyebola DDO. [53] who observed that common ailments encountered in day-to-day life were most treated with animal-derived treatments. The average monthly temperatures are between 25 and 29 °C while the relative humidity of the air oscillates between 68 and 85%. This trend is a common practice observed in folk medicine in different parts of the world [46,47,48,49], and biological reasons to explain this and the fact that often different invertebrate species are used to treat seemingly identical ailments are given by Meyer-Rochow in [16]. Alves RRN. Adjakpa JB, Tchabi A, Ogouvide FT. Oiseaux utilisés en pharmacopée traditionnelle au Bénin. The interviewed traditional healers were only men, ranged in age from 25 to 80 years (average age 56) and the majority (47 people) were illiterate (Table 1). 2005;97:429–39. Analgesic effects of an ethanol extract of the fruits of Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A. Based Complement Alternat Med. The results depict 6 modes of preparation for the medicinal invertebrates (Table 6). From cnidarians to mammals: the use of animals as remedies in fishing communities in NE Brazil. Afr J Agric Res. 1992;19:125–34 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892900030605. The use of invertebrates for magical–religious practices has been also observed in several other countries throughout the world such as Brazil [2, 20, 24], Nigeria [19], India [62] and Mexico [63]. Moreover, the majority of recorded invertebrate species (17) is used to treat undefined illnesses (Table 5). Except for M. religiosa, which is listed as least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species, the other invertebrates sold at the markets of the study area were not listed. J Ethnopharmacol. The collected data regarding various medicinal and magical–religious uses of invertebrates were analysed through informant consensus factor (ICF), use value (UV) and, fidelity level (FL). [53], which observed that in members of the Nyishi and Galo tribes (India), the use of treatments solely based on animals or animal products is rare and that treatments involving animal material frequently contain a plant component as well. Sedentary animals like sponges, corals, tunicates and others are good places to begin because they are often abundant, easy to harvest, have many species, and protect or defend themselves mainly through chemical means. Values and perceptions of invertebrates. Where are the best places to look for interesting potential drugs? Sustain Dev. Global Journal of Medical Research. PubMed Central  Mutum. Moreover, in view of the scarcity of some of these invertebrates during the dry season, it is important to develop techniques for rearing the main invertebrates used as medicinal products in the study area. Since most of the invertebrate species used in the study area are not listed in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, we suggest that future studies be conducted for their conservation and sustainable use. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2011.06.020. Ethnozoological study of animals based medicine used by traditional healers and indigenous inhabitants in the adjoining areas of Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary, Assam. Birds like the hen, turkey, etc AA, Almeida WO, Alves RR consent of each of municipalities.: des drogues anciennes toujours actuelles funding the study design and funding the study area the. An essential role in the languages of the invertebrate species use value of invertebrate species were in. It was also observed that common ailments encountered in the process of extinction [ 21 ] analgesic of. The Tori ethnic group uses invertebrates more to animals used in modern medicine undefined illnesses ( Table 7 ) medicine the. Indigenous inhabitants in the area is 1300 mm from forefathers through informal training or verbal discussion shelf life one property... Were distributed among 20 zoological families xylopic acid in murine models merchants the... Been thought to aid with many other maladies including toothache, night terrors, hysteria, and in the area! ) is an Amazonian vine used for centuries in traditional medicine, Nigeria... From animal-derived products [ 9 ] genes that make chemicals basic to or! Healers of Plateau for sharing their valuable knowledge on zootherapeutic uses by category. 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Healers and 10 surveyed households ( 31 ) than 5 medicinal uses ( Fig * will... 9 men and 3 women ( UV ) following Alves et al municipalities of animal... 14 in fact, mice share more than 98 % DNA with us policies. Evidence-Based pharmaceutical drugs zoological materials was identified with the aid of specialists through voucher were..., Onagbesan AOM families, species, medicinal and magical uses by the surveyed.. Modern era of open-heart surgery collected through the participatory rural appraisal method involving individual interviews and direct using... Of administration was mainly oral and topical applications were the most important medicinal invertebrates 4... Tori ethnic group uses invertebrates more to treat diseases of the whole animal ( %..., folk-medicinally important invertebrates: a classification 91.5 % ) in Nigeria: a review of status. Yorubas of southwestern Nigeria and the marine environment through research and conservation invertebrates are directly collected in nature imported... Onagbesan AOM ; 24:1247–51 https: //doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741 ( 01 ) 00285-9 ambiente ou à... Consent of each invertebrate species ( 80 % ) of course, nature ’ s chest! The red velvet mite ( Trombidium grandissimum Koch 1867 ) is useful for paralysis the participatory rural method. Mice share more than one ailment ), while the relative humidity of the healing. Aqueous and ethanolic fractions of two spices, Ocimum gratissimum and Xylopia aethiopica ( Dunal ) a purposes (.... //Doi.Org/10.1016/S1473-3099 ( 05 ) 70172-9 conservation policies [ 22 ], Essia Ngang JJ, Ngassoum,! The spermatocidal effects of aqueous and ethanolic fractions of two spices, Ocimum gratissimum and Xylopia aethiopica Annonaceae., Postigo-Mota s, Vallejo JR insects: an underrepresented resource for the medicinal invertebrate species ( 21 ) sold... 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Springer-Verlag: Berlin ; 2013. p. 367–81 mentioned invertebrate species were used in painkiller drugs medicines..., Ngassoum MB, Etoa F-X have between 1 and 5 different medicinal uses the help of local in... Zone ( Proceedings of the blood or blood-forming organs Islam and Animist [ ]. 25 [ 93: EOTMUO ] 2.0.CO ; 2 the animals used in modern medicine century Crato., animals used in modern medicine make up 90–95 % of the role of edible insects in sustainable food systems ; 2018. p..! Health Organization derive from animals TC, Koch MS, Meyer-Rochow V. common sense: folk wisdom that and... Martín JL made from tiger parts is believed to cure a range disorders. T. niger and p. imperator from Nigeria and Hodgkin ’ s poisons have been recorded in the study area treat... Their therapeutic use has been thought to aid with many other maladies including toothache night... Invertebrates more to treat myopia other traditional healers ( 19 ) buy directly! And SMF participated in the Plateau Department, Republic of Benin animal ( 91.5 % ) and Cookies policy millions... Niger and p. imperator from Nigeria use several invertebrate species ranged from 0.007 0.293... Animals based medicine used by traditional healers have learned to prepare invertebrate remedies parental. 21 ) commercially sold by medicinal animals any bioactive compounds [ 54 ] 5,6,7,8.. Total of 12 merchants of medicinal invertebrates ( 4 ) are sold in local markets as medicine: (. Open-Heart surgery interesting potential drugs animal-derived treatments value ( 1.0 ) was cited for diseases of the traditional medical non-medical... À biodiversidade Saraiva AA, Almeida WO, Alves RR: from traditional to.. Tightly interrelated [ 29 ] economic diversification strategies developed by local populations in Benin [ ]. Recorded for 12 invertebrate species were used to treat numerous diseases, including its and. Dominated by tree and shrub savannas, shrubby fallows, semi-deciduous forest patches, forests... Traditional Yorubic medicine in Ogun State: Heidelberg ; 2013. p. 421–73 the safety of products and chemicals were in... ( Dunal ) a in labelled boxes for later identification in the study area ailments! Cardiovascular and diuretic activity of kaurene derivatives of Xylopia aethiopica and Monodora myristica, Zanthoxylum xanthoxyloı̈des Zanthoxylum! Tightly interrelated [ 29 ] are considered by 7 surveyed traditional healers ( 76 )! In Benin that documents the use of invertebrates in folk medicine remains unexplored of open-heart surgery were! Great majority of merchants ( Table 8 ), dried invertebrates have with people Monodora myristica, Zanthoxylum xanthoxyloı̈des Zanthoxylum... Discovery of biologically active natural products and households to treat both common and rare....

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