As the structure deflects, significant tension-compression coupling forces are introduced in the piles. The advantage of the monohull FPS is primarily that processed oil can be stored on board the vessel prior to export, making them in effect FPSO facilities. Around 8,000 m³ (50,000 barrels) of oil and 2,000,000 m³ (70 million cubic feet) of natural gas are extracted daily by the platform. The platform is tethered to the seabed by a number of tendons that are kept in tension at all times by the excess buoyancy in the hull. 7b. Nevertheless, while the foundation system may appear elaborate, the advantages are considerable. 8a—Worldwide fleet of installed and sanctioned semisubmersible FPS (courtesy of BP). These include conventional jackets, spars, and TLPs. An example of a deep-draft facility designed by CSO Aker is shown in Fig. Text imported from Wikipedia article "Petronius (oil platform)" and modified on 23 July 2019 under the CC-BY-SA 3.0 license. The leveling jacks were among the largest ever produced. It can deflect (sway) in excess of 2% of height. Fig. The systems can be designed for storage capability as well. A conventional FPS typically uses either a semisubmersible to accommodate the equipment and utilities or a ship-shaped monohull, the latter often built from converted oil tankers. A replacement module was built and installed by Saipem 7000 in May 2000. SPE disclaims any and all liability for your use of such content. The type of field development concept utilized, in particular the choice between wet and dry trees, significantly affects all aspects of the development, from the appraisal strategy and development concept to reservoir and field management. 4—Riser spacing and contact considerations (courtesy of BP). 1-32. The upper section of the hull is a conventional cylindrical shell and provides the required buoyancy for the platform. It stands at 609.9 metres (2,001 feet) above the seabed, though only 75 metres (246 feet) are above water. Petronius Probianus : Petronius Probianus (floruit 315–331) was a politician of the Roman Empire. The Petronius compliant tower structure is located in Viosca Knoll Block 786, about 130 miles southeast of New Orleans. For FPSs, it is perhaps revealing to consider the approach adopted by BP in its currently ongoing development for the Thunder Horse deepwater field in the Gulf of Mexico. The six-well platform began production July 2000 and at that time was claimed to be the highest free-standing structure in the world with a flare boom 2,000 ft (609 m) above the sea floor. • Petronius is a deepwater compliant tower oil platform in the Gulf of Mexico, 210 km southeast of New Orleans. platform and foundation. These tendons suppress the heave motions, and the tension ensures that the platform remains virtually horizontal even at lateral excursions of up to 10% of the water depth. This forces the natural period to be less than that of the damaging significant wave energy, which lies in the 8- to 20-second band. The 4000-tonne North Module was installed in November 1998, but the attempt to install the slightly lighter South Module in December of that year ended with the unit on the seabed. 7a and Fig. Latitude: 29° 06' 18.00" N Situated in 1,648 ft of … Another compliant structure is the guyed tower, which is a slender truss-steel structure supported on the sea floor by a spud-can foundation and … The Petronius Compliant Tower facility is in the deepwater area of the Gulf of Mexico at Viosca Knoll Block 786. The Tombua-Landana project is using established technology . As the water depth increases, these structures begin to become more flexible, and the natural period increases and approaches that of the waves. Do you really want to delete this item from your favorites? Petronius is a deepwater compliant tower oil platform operated by Chevron Corporation and Marathon Oil in the Gulf of Mexico, 210 km southeast of New Orleans, United States. Fig. ). The reservoir itself lies deep below the seabed—some zones are more than 3.7 miles down; others lie below salt formations, requiring costly and time-consuming wells. A number of options exist for the placement of the template(s) and piling. The majority of offshore fields have been developed with conventional fixed steel platforms. Around 8,000 m³ (50,000 barrels) of oil and 2,000,000 m³ (70 million cubic feet) of natural gas are extracted daily by the rig. 2—Guyed tower concept (Photographic Archives, ExxonMobil). 1 and Fig. Another hurdle to overcome is at the top of the riser where the well fluids are transferred to the processing deck. The platform has a compliant piled tower design which stands on a mooring system based on 12 piles, three at each corner leg, which extend 450ft through the mudline into the seabed. A deep-draft floater is a floating system that is provided with a deep-draft hull designed to minimize heave motions. While this is standard industry practice, it has never before been executed at the injection rates and pressures needed for Thunder Horse. The mooring system is designed to accommodate a platform offset of several hundred feet for drilling or workover purposes. Petronius is a deepwater compliant tower oil platform operated by Chevron . Spar platforms were looked at closely. Typical fixed platform design practices are applicable for the topside configurations with the exception that, because the spar is a floating system, lateral accelerations are higher. The choice between these two and other floating production systems depends on the fundamental decision on the need for dry-trees or wet-trees. One common feature of fixed steel structures is that it is essentially “fixed” (i.e., it acts as a cantilever fixed at the seabed). The influence of this and other factors, notably the very large topsides load and the requirement for multiple well centers to access the entire reservoir, finally led to selection of a semisubmersible, but one with a difference—its scale. The first phase included the installation of the CPT foundation part which comprised of the Leveling Pile template, Leveling Piles, the Tower Base Template and the Foundation piles. The Thunder Horse concept will be the largest production semisubmersible ever built, having a two-level deck measuring about 455 ft long and 360 ft wide, mounted on a four-column hull. The Petronius compliant tower sits in 1,754 ft of water and rises to more than 2,000 ft above the seafloor, making it the world's tallest freestanding structure, according to Texaco. The main drawback for semisubmersibles is the lack of storage capacity to prevent shutdowns when offloading operations are disrupted. It is significantly larger than any previous topside facility installed on a compliant tower substructure (Petronius ‘ 7,500 s.t., Baldpate ’ 9,800 s.t. 3 illustrates the TLP concept. 5. It contains all the equipment associated with a fixed platform and is used in conjunction with subsea wellheads to exploit moderate to deepwater fields, particularly where the installation of a fixed platform is neither practical nor cost-effective. A TLP deck may be fabricated separately from the hull and mated in a manner similar to that adopted for concrete gravity base platforms. A compliant tower (CT) is a fixed rig structure normally used for the offshore production of oil or gas. Operated by Chevron Corporation and Marathon Oil, Petronius is a deepwater oil platform; the compliant piled tower is 2,001 feet high and extends 1,754 feet above the seabed. This is the deepest structure attached to the bottom of the sea. makes it one of the largest topside facilities in the world. A compliant tower (CT) is a fixed rig structure normally used for the offshore production of oil or gas. Approximately 60,000 barrels of oil and 100 million cubic feet of natural gas are produced daily by the Petronius platform. A unique combination of characteristics is at play in the Thunder Horse field, dictating the facilities for the project. / Liu, Mingming (2014): Decommissioning cost estimation in the deepwater U.S. Gulf of Mexico – Fixed platforms and compliant towers. The multi-deck topsides are 64 metres by 43 metres by 18.3 metres high and hold 21 well slots, and the entire structure weighs around 43,000 tons. Petronius is a deepwater compliant tower oil platform operated by Chevron in the Gulf of Mexico, 210 km southeast of New Orleans, United States. The platform comprises a deck structure and a buoyant hull that is composed of a series of vertical cylindrical columns, horizontal submerged pontoons, and, in some instances, tubular member bracing. All the concepts discussed and described allow for the wellheads and Christmas tree valve systems to be above the waterline (i.e., in the dry). Petronius (oil platform): Petronius is a deepwater compliant tower oil platform operated by Chevron Corporation and Marathon Oil in the Gulf of Mexico, 210 km southeast of New Orleans, United States. The concept shown in Fig. Wet trees, so-called because the wellheads and Christmas trees are placed on the seabed. The primary considerations for stability revolve around the location of the center of gravity and the relative location of the center of buoyancy; see Fig. [3,658 bytes] Off to a blistering start, Texaco's Petronius compliant tower was about to set an industry record for time from spudding to … All data contained herein is subject to change and is provided without warranties. Compliant towers are three-dimensional (3D) steel truss arrangements, which are slender and have a seabed footprint substantially less than an equivalent steel-jacket structure; see Fig. Structurae Version 7.0 - © 1998-2021 Nicolas Janberg. Drilling and production risers can be of the top-tensioned arrangement. The Petronius Platform is a compliant tower in the Gulf of Mexico modeled after the Hess Baldpate platform, which stands 2000 ft above the ocean floor. Riser spacing design is of prime importance; As illustrated in Fig. 1, adopted for the Petronius platform in the Gulf of Mexico) and the guyed tower concept (Fig. Petronius has been developed by a compliant tower, which represents the largest free-standing structure in the world. Additional steelwork is required to stiffen the structure. A compliant piled tower design, it is 609.9 metres (2,001 ft) high, and was arguably the tallest free-standing structure in the world, until surpassed by the Burj Khalifa in 2010, although this claim is disputed since only 75 metres of the platform are above water. March 2018; ... the free-standing conc ept is adopted by Petronius platform in the Gulf of Mexico. Located around 6,000 ft of water depth, the field’s reserves are contained within eight adjacent offshore license blocks, making it impossible to reach all reserves from a single drilling center. The high-pressure/high-temperature conditions on Thunder Horse also demand that the risers be heavy walled, adding to the weight problem. Compliant tower platforms general guidance for analysis, construction and installation. Flexible risers and steel catenary risers (SCR) are two common systems available to the subsea engineer. and economic standpoints. This page was last edited on 2 June 2015, at 22:32. On a spar platform, the relative movement between risers and floating platform is pronounced. In fact, it is taller than the Eiffel tower. Mooring is achieved using a taut system of mooring lines composed of chain and wire or polyester. Fig. 2). The hull and deck, together with drilling facilities and quarters, will weigh more than 50,000 tons. 1998: Design and manufacture of the Petronius Compliant Tower leveling system operating in 1500 feet water depth. They can be designed with very low heat loss coefficients to minimize flow assurance problems. 2009: Mad Dog Design and manufacture of the world’s largest rig skidding system. They have less weight and, in the taut configuration, provide lower vessel movement and a reduced footprint on the seabed. The dynamic response of a compliant tower is crucial, and dynamic analyses form part of the design process for this structure. 5. Kaiser, Mark J. TLPs carry the disadvantage in such a water deep, their rigid steel tendons anchoring the floating hull to the seabed become too heavy and costly. 6—Stability of floating systems (courtesy of MSL Engineering). ], Use this section to list papers in OnePetro that a reader who wants to learn more should definitely read, Use this section to provide links to relevant material on websites other than PetroWiki and OnePetro, Fixed steel and concrete gravity base structures, Flow assurance for offshore and subsea facilities, Flexible risers and steel catenary risers (SCR), https://petrowiki.spe.org/index.php?title=Compliant_and_floating_systems&oldid=46966, 4.5 Offshore facilities and subsea systems, Copyright 2012-2021, Society of Petroleum Engineers, Compliant towers for water depths up to 3,000 ft, Tension leg platforms (TLPs) for water depths up to 5,000 ft with the potential for application to 7,000 ft following further development effort, Floating production systems for water depths up to 7,000 ft. We’re pushing it to new limits, new extremes. One of the functions of the moorings is to guarantee the integrity of the risers, but moorings are subject to practical limits regarding their numbers and strength. 1, adopted for the Petronius platform in the Gulf of Mexico) and the guyed tower concept (Fig. The Petronius compliant tower was installed in four sections: foundation, bottom section, top section, and module support frame in Viosca Knoll 786. Corporation and Marathon Oil in the Gulf of Mexico, 210 km southeast of New Orleans, United States. For all floating systems, a range of stability criteria is followed to ensure system stability in calm waters with sufficient safety margins to allow for the dynamic conditions of stormy seas. Deepwater riser systems have been acknowledged by the industry as representing critical technology for current planned and future field developments. Each line will be anchored to the seabed by suction piles, giving the semisubmersible the ability to survive in the Gulf of Mexico’s hurricanes. Fig. All wells, some local to the platform, others as far as 6 miles away, will be completed as subsea wells with wellhead control trees located on the seabed, tied back by flowlines and risers to the platform. The tendons are secured in a foundation template piled into the seabed. The facility is located at 28°13′44″ N/−87°47′51″ W and the area within 500 meters (1640.4 feet) from each point on the facility structure's outer edge is a safety zone. These are among the highest yet to be handled in the offshore industry. Petroleum stubs A compliant tower(CT) is a fixed rig structure normally used for the offshore production of oilor gas. Petronius is a deepwater compliant tower oil platform operated by Chevron in the Gulf of Mexico, 210 km southeast of New Orleans, United States. Therefore, care is required in the analysis and design of the foundation system. Nevertheless, these systems add to the range of options available to develop deepwater fields. Spars supporting the weight of the dry-tree steel risers and keeping these in tension becomes a critical factor. The rig is a compliant tower and is the largest freestanding structure in the world at 2,010ft. Riser towers allow multiple flow lines to be installed in a small area without interference with mooring lines and each other. Exxon in 1983 installed the first guyed tower named Lena Guyed tower in the Mississippi Canyon Block in 1000 ft (300 m) water depth. Guyed tower concept The freestanding compliant tower concept (Fig. Other forms of deep-draft floaters include deep-draft semisubmersibles and hull arrangements other than the arrangement shown in Fig. Most buildings are kept to within 0.5% of height in order to have occupants not feel uneasy during periods of movement. The restriction on vertical movement permits the use of fixed-steel-platform-type wellhead equipment and rigid steel riser conductor assemblies. A floating production system is effectively a floating rig. The main upper part of the tower is located 23 feet above the water. Installation of the Tombua Landana Compliant Tower was split into two phases. Deep-draft floaters, either of the cylindrical arrangement (such as spars) or of the semisubmersible configuration, are likely to find increasing favor in deepwater applications in the future. This system has been deployed for the Girassol FPSO in West Africa in 4,500 ft of water. Texaco completes Petronius platform installation Texaco Inc. said Friday it has successfully installed the second deck module of its Petronius compliant tower platform in the Gulf of Mexico. For wet trees, possible development concepts include all of these plus ship-shaped floating production systems and semisubmersible production systems. Several proven types of platform were initially considered, among them ship-shaped vessels, semisubmersibles, TLPs, and spars. Deep draft floaters for water depths up to 10,000 ft. The TLP is not dissimilar to a semisubmersible, and construction techniques developed for semisubmersibles can be deployed for TLPs. Petronius The Petronius compliant piled tower design has been called one of the tallest free-standing structures in the world, surpassed only by the Burj Khalifa skyscraper. The facility is located at 28°13′44″ N/−87°47′51″ W and the area within 500 meters (1640.4 feet) from each point on the facility structure's outer edge is a safety zone. This is undesirable for operational reasons and often requires use of flexible riser systems to compensate for the movement. Fig. Petronius is a deepwater compliant tower oil platform operated by Chevron Corporation and Marathon Oil in the Gulf of Mexico, 210 km southeast of New Orleans, United States. 5—A typical truss spar (courtesy of BP). 3—TLP concept (Photographic Services, Shell Intl., London). The platform will be held on station by 16 mooring lines made of chain and steel wire rope. In this instance, intermediate structural bracing can be accommodated because barge clearance is not required. The platform is situated to exploit the Petronius field, discovered in 1995 in Viosca Knoll (block VK 786) and named after Petronius, the Roman writer. The Benguela Belize Topsides dry weight of 33,300 s.t. Latitude: 29° 06' 18.00" N Further, many of the conventional mooring systems are deployed in the catenary configuration, giving low stiffness, which allows considerable offsets and poor response. Hydrocarbon fluids from the reservoir have extremely high pressure and temperature, around 15,000 psi and 250°F. The field’s operator Texaco owns 50% of the field, while the remaining 50% is owned by Marathon. Dry trees allow direct and continuous access to the wells for maintenance and re-entry. 8a), which will serve as a processing, drilling, and quarters platform for the field, supporting up to 40 production and injection wells. All rights reserved. The Petronius compliant tower is approximately 1870 feet in height, weighs approximately 43,000 tons, and is The contract for the platform was budgeted at $200 million with total costs of around $500 million. Help with editing, Content of PetroWiki is intended for personal use only and to supplement, not replace, engineering judgment. The freestanding compliant tower concept (Fig. Use this section for citation of items referenced in the text to show your sources. To maximize production, seawater must be injected into the reservoir from the outset. The consequence of this is the structure becomes dynamically responsive, and fatigue becomes a paramount consideration. Fig. The size and type of reservoir and the anticipated extent and cost of well intervention often dictate the selection of dry vs. wet trees. A spread of mooring lines is used for station keeping during production, and flexible flow lines are adopted, which permit wave-induced vessel motions to be absorbed. A single template for the foundation and well system can be adopted, or separate templates can be specified. 6. Assessments for the risk of mooring failure should therefore reflect this unavoidable interaction between the adopted riser and mooring systems. A two-piece construction and installation can be adopted, as was used for the Petronius platform installation. 7b—Terra Nova FPSO (Photographic Archives, Petro-Canada/Terra Nova). The platform is situated to exploit the Petronius field, discovered in 1995 in Viosca Knoll (block VK 786) and named after Petronius, the Roman writer. However, the buoyancy requirements for a TLP may be two to five times that of a semisubmersible, and, therefore, construction facilities used for semisubmersibles may be too small for TLP fabrication. The Petronius tower was articulated 500 ft (152 m) above the seabed to provide the compliant element of the design to mitigate the effects of current, waves and wind on the structure. 2. Fig. 4, if the design principle were for no contact between the risers, a cost penalty in ultra-deep water would be expected; If contact between risers is the accepted design principle, it is then important to predict their dynamic behavior, evaluate the impact energy during contact, and define acceptance criteria. The lines are moored to the seabed using a vertically loaded anchor. These are sometimes referred to as subsea completions. The newest generation of compliant tower designs is represented by the 1998 installation of: (1) Amerada Hess' Baldpate compliant tower at Garden Banks Block 260 in 1,650-ft water depths; (2) Texaco's Petronius tower, designed for installation at Viosca Knoll Block 786 offshore Louisiana in … Another design and engineering focus relates to the foundation pile design. This particular concept is more commonly known as a truss spar. On September 15, 2004, Hurricane Ivan passed about 25 miles to the west of Petronius, introducing the platform to enormous environmental loadings. The rig consists of narrow, flexible (compliant) towers and a piled foundation supporting a conventional deck for drilling and production operations. International Database and Gallery of Structures, Offshore Technology: Petronius, Gulf of Mexico, USA. No media files are currently available for this data page. As the floating structure heels, it gives rise to a restoring moment, which stabilizes the system. 2, adopted for the Lena platform in the Gulf of Mexico) are sized on the principle of “compliance” to wave attack. These and other factors have resulted in the selection of a semisubmersible production unit (see Fig. From an engineering and economic perspective, cost-effective steel-jacket structures are extremely difficult, if not impossible, to design beyond 1,500 ft. To circumvent this problem for water depths beyond 1,500 ft, the industry has developed concepts that work on the other side of the damaging significant wave energy (i.e., structures that have natural periods of greater than 20 seconds). Load and fatigue limitations for these risers are a significant challenge. A payload of up to 50,000 tons can be accommodated, including drilling or workover rig and full production equipment. To overcome the weight problems associated with wire/chain moorings, synthetic materials, such as polyester, are being evaluated and have been applied as a replacement for conventional steel ropes and chain mooring systems. Alternatively, a single-piece construction can be adopted for the deck and hull with equipment and facilities placed on the completed platform. Chevron’s Petronius compliant tower platform is located in roughly 1,754 feet of water in the Central Gulf of Mexico, approximately 150 miles from downtown New Orleans. The topsides equipment and facilities are not dissimilar to those usually deployed for fixed steel structures. The lower portion is a heavy chain with clump weights, which are lifted off the bottom during heavy seas and behaves as a soft spring making the tower more compliant. Abstract The Baldpate compliant tower, in Garden Banks block 260 in the Gulf of Mexico, is the first free standing, non-guyed compliant tower. compliant tower, the construction of which forms the basis of this dispute, is a platform, designed to flex with the forces of wave, wind, and current, that is fixed permanently to the Outer Continental Shelf. The Tombua-Landana compliant tower is located in 1,208 feet of water, which makes it one of the deepest fixed structures in the world. In common with all spars, the vertical risers support the dry trees at the topsides, thereby providing continuous access to the wells for re-entry. The cost of the project has been estimated at $500m. The advantages and disadvantages for each option are considered at the design stage from both engineering (redundancy, robustness, etc.) 5 has successfully been deployed for the Horn Mountain field and has been chosen for the Holstein field, both of which are in the Gulf of Mexico. One other noteworthy riser system is shown in Fig. It was built from 1997 to its completion in May 2000, at a cost of $500 million. VIV and VIM can significantly reduce the fatigue life of both the riser and the wellhead. Fig. Oil platform - Wikipedia Likewise, this definition does not count structures that are built underground or on the seabed, such as the Petronius Platform in the Gulf of Mexico. Construction of the Petronius began in 1997, led by J Ray McDermott who installed the seabed mooring system. 2013: Invented Dual chain handling Chain wheel for costs and weight savings for chain handling on mooring systems. A number of offshore platform concepts exist that meet the dry tree requirement. The interaction between risers and moorings is self-evident. The foundation system is subjected to cyclic loads superimposed on a high-tension load. The compliant tower design was chosen for its ability to withstand hurricane conditions and operate in depths of 2,000ft (610m). Development More information. The seabed is 535 m (1,754 ft) below the platform. Vertical and lateral stability is assured through the use of either flotation devices (Fig. Ship-shaped production vessels, although used extensively around the world, were ruled out because of riser load and the technical infeasibility of bringing fluids at high temperatures and pressures onto a weathervaning vessel using the industry’s standard solution of a moving swivel. Fig. A keel section at the base of the truss is specified for buoyancy during towing and contains fixed ballast. Compliant towers can be constructed using techniques that have evolved for steel-jacket structures. [The sources should be available to the reader, i.e., not an internal company document. Texaco & Marathon. As water depth increases, the length and, hence, weight of conventional wire and chain mooring systems increase. from Toronto. Tendons may be attached to the template or directly to the piles. 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