Alauddin Khilji is a Indian Ruler (Sultan of Delhi).Alauddin Khilji was born on 1266-1267 ( According to the 16th-17th century chronicler Haji-ud-Dabir) in the Khalji Dynasty in Qalat, Zabul Province, Afghanistan and his real age is 795 years 0 months With the dismissal of Malik Hamiduddin and A’izuddin and the assassination of Sharaf Qayani, the offices of Diwan-i-Wizarat, Diwan-i-Rasalat and Diwan-i-Insha were ruined. Alauddin conquered the kingdoms of Gujarat (raided in 1299 and annexed in 1304), Ranthambore (1301), Chittor (1303), Malwa (1305), Siwana (1308), and Jalore (1311). Death info about Alauddin Khilji Alauddin Khilji, suffering from ascites, spent his last time in extreme difficulties and died on 2 January 1316 AD. A section of Mongol leaders plotted to kill Alauddin, but the conspiracy was discovered by Alauddin's agents. In 1306, his forces achieved a decisive victory against the Mongols near the Ravi riverbank, and later ransacked the Mongol territories in present-day Afghanistan. It was definitely the genius of Alauddin Khilji which struck at the roots of the so many novel measures cited above. He viewed their haughtiness and their direct and indirect resistance as the main difficulty affecting his reign. The Delhi army also captured several people, including the Vaghela queen Kamala Devi and slave Malik Kafur, who later led Alauddin's southern campaigns. But luckily, his almost mad schemes were toned down by his faithful counselor Malik Ala-ul-Mulk. [97] He also levied taxes on residences (ghari) and grazing (chara'i), which were not sanctioned by the Islamic law. The precautions he took to see that the news of his raid into Devgiri did not reach the imperial court compels admiration. However, this account appears to be hearsay. [159] During Ikat Khan's rebellion, the Sultan's life was saved by Hindu soldiers (paiks). [10], After years of planning and preparation, Alauddin successfully raided Devagiri in 1296. [83] According to historian Satish Chandra, Alauddin's reforms were based on his conception of fear and control as the basis of good government as well as his military ambitions: the bulk of the measures were designed to centralise power in his hands and to support a large military. The way in which he argued with Malik Alaulmulk before marching against the Mongols deserves praise. [32] In the ensuing Battle of Kili, Alauddin personally led the Delhi forces, but his general Zafar Khan attacked the Mongols without waiting for his orders. His astounding success against the Maratha army of Devagiri established his reputation as a brilliant commander. Nevertheless, the Delhi army looted many treasures, elephants and horses. After Jalaluddin became the Sultan of Delhi, Alauddin was appointed as Amir-i-Tuzuk (equivalent to Master of ceremonies), while Almas Beg was given the post of Akhur-beg (equivalent to Master of the Horse). Alauddin's administration meted out brutal punishments to the mutineers' families in Delhi, including killings of children in front of their mothers. To transcend the victories of Alexander the Great and to found a new religion like the Prophet of Islam were the two burning desires of his soul. His successor and son Simahan III rebelled and repudiated Alauddin Khilji’s sovereignty. [30] According to Ziauddin Barani, the practice of punishing wives and children for the crimes of men started with this incident in Delhi. [6] To finance his plan to dethrone Jalaluddin, Alauddin decided to raid the neighbouring Hindu kingdoms. During the last years of his life, Alauddin suffered from an illness, and relied on Malik Kafur to handle the administration. [94] By suppressing these chiefs, Alauddin projected himself as the protector of the weaker section of the rural society. At times, he exploited Muslim fanaticism against Hindu chiefs and the treatment of the zimmis. He finally obtained from the Sultan a farman setting aside the claims of Khizr Khan to the throne. [98] In addition, Alauddin demanded four-fifths share of the spoils of war from his soldiers, instead of the traditional one-fifth share (khums). [121], Alauddin's wives included Jalaluddin's daughter, who held the title Malika-i-Jahan, and Alp Khan's sister Mahru. [39] According to his courtier Amir Khusrow, he ordered a massacre of 30,000 local Hindus after this conquest. It is said that the heart-wrenching wails coming out from the Jauhar Kund, continued to haunt Khilji for years. During his last days, he had become greatly devoted to Sheikh Nizamuddin. Of Turkic ethnicity, he is considered the most powerful ruler of the dynasty. [114], During the last years of his life, Alauddin suffered from an illness, and became very distrustful of his officers. Under the Mamluks, Hindus were deprived of positions in higher bureaucracy. The raids of his generals in Marwar led to their [122], Alauddin also married Kamala Devi, a Hindu woman, who was originally the chief queen of Karna, the Vaghela king of Gujarat. [15], Alauddin's march to Delhi was interrupted by the flooding of the Yamuna river. Alauddin was a self-willed man who would not care for anybody’s advice when he was determined on something. [62], Meanwhile, a section of Alauddin's army had been besieging the fort of Siwana in Marwar region unsuccessfully for several years. After reaching close to Kara, he directed Ahmad Chap to take his main army to Kara by the land route, while he himself decided to cross the Ganges river with a smaller body of around 1,000 soldiers. He returned to Delhi, believing that Alauddin would carry the wealth from Kara to Delhi. Naturally, he began to lose grip of the administration. The plot was discovered and Alauddin Khilji ordered a general massacre of Neo-Muslims. [162], Alp Khan who was transferred to Gujarat in 1310, is praised by Jain sources for permitting reconstruction of their temples. [24], Meanwhile, Ala-ul Mulk, who was Alauddin's governor at Kara, came to Delhi with all the officers, elephants and wealth that Alauddin had left at Kara. Alauddin's forces, led by Malik Kafur, decisively defeated the Mongols. It is thus, not surprising that the horrible massacre of Neo-Muslims took place during his last days. Over the next few years, Alauddin successfully fended off the Mongol invasions from the Chagatai Khanate, at Jaran-Manjur (1297–1298), Sivistan (1298), Kili (1299), Delhi (1303), and Amroha (1305). A few scholars have alleged that Alauddin himself was not an able general and his victories were due to able commanders like Alp Khan, Nusrat Khan, Ulugh Khan, and Malik Kafur. Alauddin Khilji’s over-centralization and conversion of jagirs into crown lands (Khalisa) had left many Mongol nobles destitute. He halted at Tilpat and began to reaarange his army. He also ordered "to supply some rules and regulations for grinding down the Hindus, and for depriving them of that wealth and property which fosters rebellion. Meanwhile, Malik Kafur and Alp Khan were ranged in opposition. The victims allegedly hatched a conspiracy to overthrow Alauddin, but this might be Kafur's propaganda. Alauddin obtained the governorship of Kara in 1291 after suppressing a revolt against Jalaluddin, and the governorship of Awadh in 1296 after a profitable raid on Bhilsa. They accused the Sultan of tyrannizing the people and unjustly imposing high taxes. At the news of the murder of their favorite commander Alp Khan, Gujarat garrison unfurled the standard of revolt. Originally named Firuz, Jalal-ud-din started his career as an officer of the Mamluk dynasty, and rose to an important position under Sultan Muizzuddin Qaiqabad. His slave-general Malik Kafur led multiple campaigns to the south of the Vindhyas, obtaining a considerable amount of wealth from Devagiri (1308), Warangal (1310) and Dwarasamudra (1311). [3], Alauddin was brought up by Jalaluddin after Shihabuddin's death. [149] The masnavi Deval Devi—Khizr Khan by Amir Khusrau states that Gujarat was only annexed in the second invasion which took place seven years after the first one, implying the first was merely a plundering raid. His body was buried here. [139] Alauddin camped in Siri during the 1303 Mongol invasion, and after the Mongols left, he built the Qasr-i-Hazar Situn palace at the site of his camp. [87], After some initial conspiracies and Hindu revolts in rural areas during the early period of his reign, he struck the root of the problem by introducing reforms that also aimed at ensuring support of his army and food supply to his capital. When Malika-i-Jahan heard that Jalaluddin's nobles had joined Alauddin, she apologized to Arkali and offered him the throne, requesting him to march from Multan to Delhi. Many people, from both military and non-military backgrounds, joined him. Malik Kafur felt alarmed at this state of affairs. In accordance with this opinion, whatever affair of state came before him, he only looked to the public good, without considering whether his mode of dealing with it was lawful or unlawful. As long as Alauddin Khilji was young and enjoyed good health, his iron hand and will steer the course of the government well but as soon as his health began to decline, trouble brewed up on all sides. In 1312, Khizr Khan Shamsul Haq was married [3] Over the next two days, Alauddin formed a provisional government at Kara. Tomb of Alauddin Khilji He is buried at Mehrauli’s Qutb complex, in Delhi. Such tyranny on the one hand and Alauddin Khilji’s disgraceful attachment to Kafur affected Sultan’s prestige. [132] A deep emotional bond developed between Alauddin and Kafur. [81] After facing the Mongol invasions and several rebellions, he implemented several reforms to be able to maintain a large army and to weaken those capable of organizing a revolt against him. His imperialistic policy had turned the small kingdom into an Empire comprising almost the whole of India. [164] He[who?] When Ballala learned about Kafur's march, he hurried back to his capital Dwarasamudra. "[152], Alauddin and his generals destroyed several Hindu temples during their military campaigns. [151] Wassaf states that "The Muhammadan forces began to kill and slaughter on the right and on the left unmercifully, throughout the impure land, for the sake of Islam, and blood flowed in torrents. [18][19], Shortly after the conquest of Multan, Alauddin appointed Nusrat Khan as his wazir (prime minister). He is noted for repulsing the Mongol invasions of India. The helpless king wept bitterly when he bade farewell to his son. While sani is Arabic for to 'Second'. [85] Alauddin's courtier Amir Khusrau and the 14th century writer Hamid Qalandar suggest that Alauddin introduced these changes for public welfare. [100][101] In addition, Barani suggests that the Hindu traders indulged in profiteering, and Alauddin's market reforms resulted from the Sultan's desire to punish the Hindus. Alauddin instituted a number of significant administrative changes, related to revenues, price controls, and society. The Hindu was to be reduced to be so reduced as to be unable to keep a horse to ride on, wear fine clothes, or to enjoy any luxuries of life. While yet an unknown figure, Alauddin had distinguished himself in the fight against Malik Chhaju in his raids on Vidhisa. The effect was both large landowners and small-scale cultivators were fearful of missing out on paying their assessed taxes. Meanwhile, the head of Jalaluddin was paraded on a spear in his camp before being sent to Awadh. When he had asked about the position of Hindus under an Islamic state, the qazi Mughis replied that the Hindu "should pay the taxes with meekness and humility coupled with the utmost respect and free from all reluctance. He never asked for legal opinions about political matters, and very few learned men visited him. He had a son with Jhatyapali, who succeeded Alauddin after his death. During his absence, the influence of Alp Khan and Malika-i-Jahan began to increase and the latter began preparation for the marriage of her second son Shadi Khan with the second daughter of her brother. After conquering the throne by killing his uncle and predecessor, Jalaluddin Firuz Khilji, he continued his legacy of invading states and territories to increase his empire over the Indian subcontinent. he never thought of releasing him and a large number of innocent men [15] To portray himself as a generous king, he ordered 5 manns of gold pieces to be shot from a manjaniq (catapult) at a crowd in Kara. [110] Sometime later, Alauddin relented, and allowed distillation and drinking in private. Kafur also raided the Pandya kingdom (1311), obtaining much treasure and many elephants and horses. It is widely believed that Alauddin was without any literary education, though like Akbar and Ranjit Singh after him, he confirmed by example the Tennysonian dictum: But though unlettered, Alauddin possessed sufficient common sense, experience, and wisdom which multiplied with age. Sikander is Old Persian for 'Alexander', a title popularized by Alexander. woes – the indifference of his wife and sons. [9] In addition, the Sultan granted Alauddin's request to use the revenue surplus for hiring additional troops. The malady of the Sultan was getting more His vigorous and extensive conquests led to him being viewed as persecutor both at home and abroad, including by Maulana Shamsuddin Turk, Abdul Malik Isami and Wassaf. [93], To ensure that the goods were sold at regulated prices, Alauddin appointed market supervisors and spies, and received independent reports from them. Relied on Malik Kafur to death between noble families had to face talk of conspiracies at his court predecessor! 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